Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Retinal and Choroidal Thickness Changes in Populations with Helicobacter pylori Infection by Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
Published on: November 1, 2024
Carbon Dioxide and Hemoglobin at Presentation with Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis-Are They Relevant? Cohort Study and
Ralf-Bodo Tröbs1, Hiltrud Niggemann2, Grigore Cernaianu2
1Department of General-, Visceral- and Pediatric Surgery, St. Vinzenz Krankenhaus, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
Background:
Recurrent vomiting in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) leads to metabolic alkalosis and a respiratory-driven compensatory hypercapnia. Alkalosis has been identified as the main causal factor for respiratory depression on admission. The value of contribution of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide partial pressure to this phenomenon will be evaluated.
Materials And Methods:
A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 105 infants with IHPS. The acid/base status, including levels of hemoglobin and lactate, were recorded. Statistical comparisons, correlation analysis, linear regression and multivariate regression analysis were applied.
Results:
Hypercapnia was associated with hemoconcentration. We found a positive correlation was found between pCO2 and hemoglobin (p = 0.042). The multivariate linear regression analysis showed that pCO2 is dependent on hemoglobin (p = 0.002). Lactate, which is used as a marker for anaerobic glycolysis, showed no systematic correlation with pCO2.
Conclusions:
An increase in carbon dioxide cannot easily be attributed to a reduced transport function of carbon dioxide due to hemoglobin deficiency. Further investigation is needed to determine the extent to which low hemoglobin levels and increased pCO2 interact with hemoconcentration to contribute to respiratory problems.
Related Concept Videos
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
Forms of CO2 Transport
1. Dissolved in plasma: A small percentage (7-10%) of CO2 is transported and dissolved directly in the plasma.
2. Carbaminohemoglobin: Just over 20% of CO2 is chemically bound to...
Oxygen Transport in the Blood
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies
Medical History
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2 and...
Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
Physiological Control of Respiration
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...

