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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Behavioral, Endocrine, and Neuronal Responses to Odors in Lampreys.

Philippe-Antoine Beauséjour1, Barbara S Zielinski2, Réjean Dubuc1,3

  • 1Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
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Summary

Sea lampreys use smell for survival and reproduction. This review details how specific odors trigger behaviors and influence development via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Keywords:
behaviorchemosensory signalingendocrinologylampreyneuroscienceolfactionolfactory ecologypheromonesreproductionsensorimotor integration

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Area of Science:

  • Ichthyology
  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Lampreys are primitive fish heavily reliant on olfactory cues.
  • The sea lamprey olfactory system is extensively studied, with identified behavior-inducing compounds.
  • Olfactory ecology in aquatic vertebrates is unparalleled in sea lampreys.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review olfactory behaviors across sea lamprey life stages.
  • To explore pheromonal induction of neuroendocrine responses and physiological effects.
  • To detail neuronal circuits for odor-evoked locomotion and behavioral plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sea lamprey olfactory behavior.
  • Analysis of specific odorant-induced behaviors (feeding, predator avoidance, reproduction).
  • Examination of neuroendocrine pathways and brain signaling circuits.

Main Results:

  • Specific odorants trigger distinct behaviors at various life stages.
  • Pheromones activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, promoting gametogenesis and increased pheromone release.
  • Neuronal pathways for odor-guided locomotion and environmental modulation of olfactory behavior are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Chemosensory signals are critical for sea lamprey survival, reproduction, and development.
  • Understanding these signals provides insights into vertebrate olfactory system evolution.
  • This synthesis advances knowledge of behavioral, endocrine, and neuronal responses to chemical cues in lampreys.