Female Reproductive Tract Organoids: Applications from Physiology to Pathology

The female reproductive tract (FRT) serves as the core of human reproduction, and its health is directly related to population quantity and family happiness. The high incidence rate of female reproductive tract diseases globally poses a severe threat to women's health. Nevertheless, the exploration of its physiological functions and pathological mechanisms still lacks satisfactory research models. Organoids, as an emerging technology, not only circumvent numerous ethical issues existing in in vivo experiments but also precisely replicate the morphological structure and characteristics of the simulated tissues. The purpose of this article is to summarize the basic paradigms of organoid establishment and their applications in female reproductive research. Specifically, this article summarizes the cell sources, extracellular scaffolds, and culture media used in the establishment of organoids. It also describes the applications and future development prospects of female reproductive tract organoids established in current research in physiological and pathological studies. The importance of organoid technology in the female reproductive tract research cannot be ignored. It has opened up new avenues for research in this field and greatly promoted the exploration of female reproductive health and disease mechanisms.