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Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer01:19

Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer

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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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Risk Factors Associated with the Development of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitor Diabetes Mellitus: An Integrative Review.

Vivian Crowder1, Veronica Brady1

  • 1Health Science Center, Cizik School of Nursing, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Older age, prior diabetes, genetic factors, and immunotherapy use increase the risk of immune checkpoint inhibitor diabetes mellitus (ICI-DM). Identifying these risk factors is crucial for managing this emerging condition in cancer patients.

Keywords:
checkpoint inhibitorsdiabetic ketoacidosishuman leukocyte antigen haplotypehyperosmolar hyperglycemia syndromeimmune mediated-checkpoint inhibitor diabetespancreatic autoantibodies

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitor diabetes mellitus (ICI-DM) is a growing concern in adult oncology due to increased immunotherapy use.
  • Risk factors for ICI-DM remain incompletely understood, necessitating further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize existing literature on ICI-DM.
  • To identify factors associated with an increased risk of developing ICI-DM.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated literature review guided by Sanieszko's Epidemiology Triad framework.
  • Searched CINAHL, Web of Science, and PubMed databases.
  • Included 23 peer-reviewed articles from an initial pool of 2030 studies.

Main Results:

  • Older age is associated with a higher risk of ICI-DM.
  • A prior medical history of diabetes increases ICI-DM risk.
  • Presence of susceptible alleles and immunotherapy exposure are linked to increased ICI-DM risk.

Conclusions:

  • Older age, pre-existing diabetes, genetic susceptibility, and immunotherapy are key risk factors for ICI-DM.
  • Further research with larger, diverse populations and multi-institutional data is needed to confirm these findings.