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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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Protein Functional Effector (pfe) Noncoding RNAS Are Identical to Fragments from Various Noncoding RNAs.

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International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Protein functional effector RNAs (pfeRNAs) are fragments of known noncoding RNAs. These pfeRNAs originate from transfer RNAs and ribosomal RNAs, impacting protein function and disease diagnostics.

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PD-1/PD-L1 interactionRNA modificationsRNA-protein interactionsY RNA fragmentscancermicroRNA fragmentsnoncoding RNAprotein functional effector RNAribosomal RNA fragmenttransfer RNA fragment

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Protein functional effector RNAs (pfeRNAs) were initially identified as PIWI-interacting-like small noncoding RNAs.
  • They are characterized by 2'-O-methylation at their 3'-end, directly affecting protein function without altering protein levels.
  • Previously, pfeRNAs were thought to be distinct from known RNA molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origin and identity of human pfeRNAs.
  • To determine if pfeRNAs match known noncoding RNA sequences.
  • To explore the relationship between pfeRNAs and their potential source ncRNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Sequence matching of human pfeRNAs against the GenBank database.
  • Analysis of previously published data on pfeRNA classification and function.
  • Examination of potential modifications and their roles in ncRNA multifunctionality.

Main Results:

  • Human pfeRNAs match fragments of annotated human noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs).
  • Specific pfeRNAs (PDLpfeRNAa and PDLpfeRNAb) match fragments of mitochondrial transfer RNA (tRNA) and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), respectively.
  • A classifier for pulmonary nodules utilizes pfeRNAs that match fragments of tRNA, microRNA, Y RNA, PIWI interacting RNA, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), and PDLpfeRNAa.

Conclusions:

  • pfeRNAs appear to originate from fragments of known multifunctional ncRNAs.
  • Differential modifications, such as 2'-O-methylation, likely contribute to the diverse functions of ncRNA fragments.
  • Understanding these origins and modifications provides insights into ncRNA regulation and function.