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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
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Assessment of Retinal Microcirculation in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Using Adaptive Optics and OCT Angiography:

Anna Zaleska-Żmijewska1,2, Alina Szewczuk2, Zbigniew M Wawrzyniak3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Public Ophthalmic Clinical Hospital (SPKSO), Medical University of Warsaw, 02-015 Warsaw, Poland.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|July 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Vascular changes in the retina, measured by adaptive optics and OCTA, are closely linked to glaucoma severity. These microcirculation changes may signal early optic nerve damage, aiding in earlier glaucoma detection and monitoring.

Keywords:
adaptive opticsfoveal avascular zoneganglion cell complexoptical coherence tomography angiographyprimary open-angle glaucomaretinal arteriole morphologyretinal microcirculationretinal nerve fibre layervessel density

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Glaucoma Research

Background:

  • Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness.
  • Early detection and monitoring of glaucoma are crucial for preserving vision.
  • Understanding the role of vascular changes in glaucoma pathogenesis is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate retinal arteriole parameters using adaptive optics (AO) rtx1™ and vessel densities with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in POAG eyes.
  • To compare vascular parameters between POAG and healthy eyes.
  • To investigate the association between vascular parameters and glaucoma severity (structural and functional).

Main Methods:

  • Fifty-seven POAG eyes and fifty healthy eyes were examined.
  • Retinal arteriole morphology was assessed using AO rtx1™ (lumen diameter, wall thickness, total diameter, wall-to-lumen ratio).
  • OCTA measured vessel densities (superficial, deep, peripapillary capillary plexuses) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area. Structural OCT (RNFL, GCC, rim area) and visual field tests (MD, PSD) were also performed.

Main Results:

  • Glaucoma eyes exhibited significantly thicker arteriole walls, narrower lumens, smaller total diameters, and higher wall-to-lumen ratios compared to healthy eyes.
  • OCTA revealed significantly reduced vessel densities in all measured capillary plexuses and an enlarged FAZ area in glaucoma eyes.
  • Vessel densities positively correlated with structural OCT parameters (RNFL, GCC, rim area) and negatively with visual field deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Vascular deterioration, assessed by AO rtx1™ and OCTA, closely correlates with structural and functional damage in glaucoma.
  • Retinal microcirculation changes may precede structural abnormalities in the optic nerve head.
  • AO rtx1™ and OCTA enable earlier detection, staging, and monitoring of glaucoma compared to conventional tests.