Contributors to positive mental health among youth: a qualitative study in British Columbia, Canada

The mental health of youth aged 15-25 is a growing public health concern worldwide, signalling the need for expanded and innovative responses. Approaches to addressing this issue have prioritized treatment and recovery at the individual level, with limited attention to the broader contexts that shape mental health and illness. This study sought to explore youths' perspectives on positive mental health and its determinants. Drawing on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with a diverse sample of youth aged 15-25 (n = 35) from British Columbia, Canada, data underwent thematic analysis guided by a socio-ecological mental health promotion (MHP) framework. Analysis yielded three interconnected themes: (i) perspectives shaped by broader social discourses, (ii) cultivating belonging, and (iii) creating meaning. Participants articulated varying perspectives regarding factors that shape mental health, some of which were grounded in notions of individual responsibility, while others encompassed a wider range of social and political influences. Participants also identified several key contributors to positive mental health, including peer connections that encourage trust, reciprocity, and growth; supportive familial relationships that provide a foundation for wellbeing; access to safe and affirming community spaces for intellectual or creative expression; and engagement in volunteerism or advocacy to establish a sense of purpose and meaning. These findings offer new insights that can extend current responses to youth mental health, including evidence to inform MHP efforts to build and strengthen positive mental health and wellbeing. Findings have the potential to guide policies and programming to enhance wellbeing among youth across the life course.