Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for non-surgical periodontal therapy: innovations and clinical applications

This review evaluates the current landscape of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs) in non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Evidence from preclinical models demonstrates that lipid-based, polymeric, metallic, ceramic, and carbon-based nanoparticles enhance treatment efficacy through improved biofilm disruption, localized anti-inflammatory activity, and periodontal tissue regeneration. Lipid-based systems offer mucosal retention and sustained release, while polymeric carriers such as PLGA provide controlled delivery of antimicrobials like doxycycline and metronidazole. Metallic nanoparticles, notably silver and titanium dioxide, exhibit potent antibacterial activity but raise biocompatibility concerns. Several clinical trials report reductions in probing depth, gingival inflammation, and systemic inflammatory markers when using NDDSs as adjuncts to conventional scaling and root planing. However, challenges remain, including limited long-term human data, variability in formulation reproducibility, and the lack of standardized synthesis and testing protocols. Despite these hurdles, NDDSs hold promise for improving clinical outcomes and patient compliance in periodontal care. Future advances should focus on large-scale clinical validation, safety profiling, and integration with digital tools for precision therapy.