Association Between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Maternal Depression: A Narrative Review

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and maternal depression are increasingly recognized as interrelated conditions that significantly impact maternal and neonatal outcomes. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the bidirectional relationship between GDM and maternal depression, emphasizing their combined burden on perinatal health. GDM, characterized by glucose intolerance identified during pregnancy, is experiencing a rising global prevalence and is linked to an increased risk of depressive symptoms both during pregnancy and postpartum. Women diagnosed with GDM show a markedly higher incidence of depression compared to their non-GDM counterparts, influenced by factors such as metabolic dysregulation, inflammatory pathways, and the psychosocial stressors associated with managing a high-risk pregnancy. Moreover, maternal depression in the context of GDM is associated with suboptimal glycemic control, a higher incidence of obstetric complications, and diminished maternal quality of life. Fetal risks, including preterm birth, abnormal birth weight, and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, are heightened when maternal depression coexists with GDM. Biological mechanisms, such as dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation, provide plausible connections between these conditions. The evidence highlights the necessity for integrated, multidisciplinary care models that incorporate routine mental health screenings within GDM management protocols. Early identification and intervention for depressive symptoms, along with patient education and psychosocial support, are critical to improving clinical outcomes. This review advocates for holistic, culturally sensitive approaches and calls for further longitudinal research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and enhance perinatal care strategies that address both the metabolic and psychological aspects of maternal health.