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Nanoplastics, Liver Injury, and Oxidative Mechanisms: Translating Animal Models Into Human Risk Assessment.

Ruben Ruiz-Ramos1, Mario A Luna-Palacios1, Armando Pimentel-Toledano1

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Veracruz, Veracruz, MEX.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) cause liver injury through oxidative stress and inflammation. This review synthesizes animal studies, identifying key hepatotoxic mechanisms and informing human health risk assessments for these emerging contaminants.

Keywords:
hepatotoxicityliver injurymicroplasticsnanoplasticsoxidative stress

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants.
  • The liver's role in detoxification makes it vulnerable to MNP-induced damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review preclinical animal studies on MNP hepatotoxicity.
  • To identify key mechanisms of liver injury caused by MNPs.
  • To assess implications for human health risk.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of major scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, OpenAlex).
  • Included 34 studies using animal models exposed to MNPs.
  • Data extraction focused on polymer type, particle size, exposure route, duration, and toxicological endpoints.
  • Followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Consistent hepatotoxic effects observed: oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid dysregulation, and apoptosis.
  • Polystyrene, polyethylene, and polylactic acid were common polymers studied.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction and genotoxicity were also reported.
  • Mechanistic convergence suggests shared injury pathways across MNP types.

Conclusions:

  • MNPs induce liver injury via oxidative, inflammatory, and metabolic pathways, classifying them as emerging hepatotoxicants.
  • Findings highlight urgent research needs and inform environmental health risk frameworks.
  • Translational gaps between animal models and human health require further investigation.