A Review of Voltammetric Techniques for Sensitive Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides in Environmental Samples

This review looks closely at new developments in voltammetric techniques for detecting organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) in environmental samples. OPPs are commonly used in farming but can be harmful to human health and the environment due to their toxicity and long-lasting effects. The review explores different electrochemical sensors, such as enzyme-based biosensors, metal oxide electrodes, and systems using nanomaterials, which have improved the sensitivity and selectivity for detecting OPPs. It highlights key innovations like hybrid enzyme-inorganic nanoflowers and modified graphene electrodes for their excellent performance, achieving low detection limits and quick response times. The use of nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles, enhances the sensors' electrochemical properties, allowing for real-time monitoring of pesticide residues. The review also addresses challenges in accurately analyzing OPPs and stresses the need for portable, user-friendly devices for on-site testing. The importance of these technological advancements for food safety and environmental monitoring is emphasized, highlighting the crucial role of reliable detection methods in reducing health risks from pesticide exposure. This review is a useful resource for researchers and practitioners, providing insights into current methods and future developments in effective sensing technologies for organophosphate pesticides.