Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

6.5K
Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
6.5K
Specialized Care Centers and Settings-II01:30

Specialized Care Centers and Settings-II

777
Rural Health Centers
Rural health centers are specialized care facilities in remote locations with very few medical personnel. The primary care providers who run the centers are mostly Registered Nurse Practitioners. Here, emergency treatment is provided to critically ill or injured patients before they are transferred to the closest hospital. Fortunately, due to advancement in technology, many rural healthcare facilities and professionals have easy access to diagnostic and treatment...
777
Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

348
Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
348
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

12.3K
The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
12.3K
Midrange01:07

Midrange

3.8K
A somewhat easy to compute quantitative estimate of a data set’s central tendency is its midrange, which is defined as the mean of the minimum and maximum values of an ordered data set.
Simply put, the midrange is half of the data set’s range. Similar to the mean, the midrange is sensitive to the extreme values and hence the prospective outliers. However, unlike the mean, the midrange is not sensitive to all the values of the data set that lie in the middle. Thus, it is prone to...
3.8K
Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

687
Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
687

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Unraveling the vascular-cognitive axis in offspring exposed to preeclampsia and eclampsia.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology·2026
Same author

Higher carotid artery backward pressure and load-dependent stiffness among women with a history of preeclampsia: association with cognitive functions.

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)·2026
Same author

Vascular endothelial function is preserved in women with a history of preeclampsia currently receiving antidepressant pharmacotherapy.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology·2026
Same author

Pregnant women of advanced maternal age have higher central arterial stiffness than younger pregnant women throughout pregnancy and postpartum.

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)·2025
Same author

Association of physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep with maternal vascular function in women with a history of preeclampsia.

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)·2025
Same author

Comparative Performance of Common Fecal Immunochemical Tests : A Cross-Sectional Study.

Annals of internal medicine·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting
14:43

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

Published on: January 12, 2018

12.0K

Is Rural Residence an Independent Risk Factor for Spontaneous Preterm Birth at a Midwestern Tertiary Care Center? A

Abbie Lund1, Barcey T Levy2,3, Yinghui Xu2

  • 1The University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.

Journal of Primary Care & Community Health
|July 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Maternal rural residence is an independent risk factor for spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Rural mothers experienced higher sPTB rates, alongside extremes of maternal age and smoking.

Keywords:
health inequitieshealth outcomesobstetricspreterm birthrural healthunderserved communities

More Related Videos

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

11.5K
A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development
08:50

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development

Published on: June 24, 2020

3.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 13, 2025

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting
14:43

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

Published on: January 12, 2018

12.0K
Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

11.5K
A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development
08:50

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development

Published on: June 24, 2020

3.9K

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Perinatal Epidemiology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
  • Understanding independent risk factors is crucial for targeted prevention strategies.
  • Geographic residence, specifically rural vs. urban, has been investigated for its association with adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if maternal rural residence is an independent risk factor for spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB).
  • To identify other significant independent risk factors for sPTB in a Midwest tertiary care center population.
  • To analyze the impact of various demographic and clinical factors on sPTB rates.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 16,974 deliveries between May 2009 and May 2023, excluding indicated preterm births.
  • Generalized Linear Mixed Models were employed to identify independent risk factors for sPTB.
  • Statistical significance was assessed, with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) calculated for identified risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Rural deliveries had a significantly higher sPTB rate (15.5%) compared to urban deliveries (9.1%, P<.001).
  • Independent risk factors for sPTB included rural residence (aOR, 1.56), extremes of maternal age, maternal smoking, and transfer from an outside hospital.
  • Female newborn sex was a protective factor (aOR, 0.79), and Asian race was also protective after excluding transferred deliveries (aOR, 0.57).

Conclusions:

  • Maternal rural residence is confirmed as a significant and independent risk factor for spontaneous preterm birth.
  • Extremes of maternal age, maternal smoking, female newborn sex, and transfer from an outside hospital are also independent risk factors for sPTB.
  • These findings highlight the importance of considering geographic and socioeconomic factors in sPTB prevention.