Cutting-edge advances in two-dimensional layered double hydroxides: structure, synthesis, functionalization,...

Two-dimensional layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have emerged as highly promising materials for sensor applications due to their tunable composition, large specific surface area, and excellent ion-exchange capacity. This review provides a focused and up-to-date overview of the structural features, synthesis methods, and functionalization strategies of LDHs, specifically in the context of their sensor-related properties. Unlike prior studies, this work systematically explores how the design of LDH-based sensing systems influences their performance and practical applications. Recent advancements in electrochemical, gas, optical, and humidity sensors are critically analyzed, with insights into performance advantages and underlying sensing mechanisms. Challenges such as poor conductivity and limited long-term stability are discussed in relation to material design strategies. Additionally, the review outlines emerging trends, including the development of multifunctional LDH-based sensors and their integration into intelligent sensing platforms. By bridging recent experimental progress with theoretical insights, this review delivers a unique and application-oriented perspective, offering valuable guidance for the rational design of LDHs in next-generation sensing technologies.