A Perspective on Spatiotemporal Engineering of Multidimensional Heterointerfaces in Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells offer promising cost-to-performance characteristics but face challenges from intrinsic chemical reactivity, which induces ion migration and defect formation, particularly at interfaces where nonradiative recombination limits efficiency and stability. This perspective discusses multidimensional interface engineering as a potential approach to address these trade-offs. We systematically evaluate passivation paradigms employing low-dimensional perovskites (2D, 1D, 0D) and related materials (e.g., antiperovskites, polymers, small molecules), analyzing their impact on defect mitigation, charge dynamics, and long-term stability under operational stress. Beyond simplified models, we consider theoretical frameworks involving adsorption dynamics (GCS), interfacial thermodynamics (Guggenheim), and reaction kinetics (Marcus/Gerischer) to support the rational design of stable interfaces. Recommendations for future interface design directions are presented. This work aims to support cross-dimensional heterointerface engineering in the development of durable and efficient perovskite photovoltaics.