Crop yield loss under high insecticide regime driven by reduction in natural pest control

Current agricultural pest management mainly relies on the use of synthetic insecticides with strong adverse impacts on the environment or humans. Decreasing crop productivity in the case of pesticide-use reduction has been a prominent argument against such reductions. However, the relationship between insecticide use and crop yields is complex. Through long-term monitoring of yields, farming practices, pest populations and natural pest control across 383 fields of oilseed rape-one of the most insecticide-intensive crops in Europe-we reveal a negative relationship between yield and insecticide use when application rates exceed 36.2 g ha^-1 of active ingredients. Our analyses indicate that this negative effect of insecticide use is primarily driven by its adverse impacts on natural pest control, affecting both insect pests and weed seed regulation. This leads to increased pest abundance levels and, consequently, greater yield losses. Our study demonstrates that beyond a certain threshold, insecticides not only impose adverse environmental impacts and additional application costs for farmers, but also negatively affect overall crop production levels. Our results highlight the need for solutions that extend beyond the farm level, since we also demonstrate that landscape elements such as meadow and crop diversity play a crucial role in regulating pest populations.