Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Effects of feedback

Effects of feedback

Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:

Feedback Inhibition

Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!

Indirect Motor Pathways

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...

Nonconscious Mimicry

Nonconscious Mimicry

Nonconscious mimicry occurs when individuals alter their mannerisms to match the behaviors and expressions of those nearby, without intention.

Feedback control systems

Feedback control systems

Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
Linear feedback systems are theoretical models that simplify analysis and design. These systems operate under the principle that their output is directly proportional to their input within certain ranges. For instance, an amplifier in a control system behaves linearly as long as the input signal remains within a specific range. However, most physical systems exhibit inherent nonlinearity...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Cervical spinal cord stimulation disrupts proprioception yet improves voluntary arm reaching.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

A systematic investigation reveals dissociable effects of ageing on implicit and explicit components of sensorimotor learning.

Nature human behaviour·2026

Same author

Minimal Impact of Low Vision on Explicit Sensorimotor Adaptation.

Neurorehabilitation and neural repair·2026

Same author

How to conduct behavioural experiments online.

Nature human behaviour·2026

Same author

Revisiting the explicit-implicit additivity assumption in visuomotor adaptation.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026

Same author

Cerebellar contributions to action and cognition: Prediction, timescale, and continuity.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

Published on: December 2, 2022

Indirect feedback hinders explicit sensorimotor adaptation.

Yifei Chen¹, Sabrina Abram^2,3, Richard B Ivry^2,3

¹Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences

|July 29, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Human motor adaptation, crucial for accurate movement, is influenced by feedback type. Indirect numerical feedback primarily drives explicit learning, unlike direct sensory feedback, impacting adaptation speed and strategy.

Keywords:

declarative memory explicit learning implicit learning motor learning symbolic feedback

More Related Videos

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

Published on: June 19, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

Published on: December 2, 2022

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

Published on: June 19, 2016

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Motor Control
Human Movement Science

Background:

Motor adaptation enables accurate movement in changing environments.
Adaptation typically relies on direct sensory feedback (visual, proprioceptive).
Indirect numerical feedback can also drive motor learning in humans.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how implicit and explicit motor adaptation components are affected by indirect numerical feedback.
To compare motor adaptation using direct sensory versus indirect numerical feedback.
To understand how feedback type influences sensorimotor learning mechanisms.

Main Methods:

Conducted three reaching experiments with over 400 human participants.
Compared direct sensory feedback with indirect numerical feedback.
Utilized tasks designed to isolate explicit learning or allow both implicit and explicit processes.

Main Results:

Adaptation to indirect feedback was predominantly explicit, with little implicit recalibration.
Adaptation was slower with indirect feedback compared to direct feedback, regardless of perturbation type (rotational, mirror-reversal).
Slower adaptation with indirect feedback was attributed to increased random and systematic exploration.

Conclusions:

The type of feedback significantly shapes strategic discovery in motor learning.
Indirect numerical feedback primarily engages explicit learning strategies.
Feedback modality influences the speed and exploration dynamics of sensorimotor adaptation.