Liquid biopsy in neurodegenerative disease: A minimally invasive approach for early diagnosis

Neurodegenerative diseases are difficult to diagnose due to their insidious nature and a lack of accurate early detection methods. Using biofluids such as saliva, blood, urine, tears, and cerebrospinal fluids, liquid biopsy has become a potential less invasive method for disease diagnosis. The clinical significance of liquid biopsy is studied in this review, which also highlights the important biomarkers, less invasive sample types, and multi-omic approaches such as proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics. Furthermore, new developments that are being explored for their potential to improve disease monitoring and diagnostic advances include spectroscopic techniques, nanobiosensors, molecular biology-based tools, imaging techniques, and AI. Although biomarkers have a potential source, they face significant challenges such as specificity, standardization, and clinical validation. Future advancements in AI and multi-omics approaches may enhance the use of liquid biopsy. Early detection and personalized therapies are possible with this technology, which would ultimately improve patient outcomes in disease management.