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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

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The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
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Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion
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Time-dependent catalytic activity in aging condensates.

Wei Kang1,2, Zhiyue Wu3, Xinzhi Huang4

  • 1MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. kangwei@dlut.edu.cn.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular condensates enhance enzyme activity but lose efficiency over time as they age and solidify. This study reveals condensate aging impacts enzyme function, offering insights for synthetic condensate design.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Biomolecular condensates are essential dynamic cellular compartments.
  • Condensates concentrate proteins and enzymes to regulate biochemical reactions.
  • The aging process and its effect on condensate function are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temporal evolution of enzyme activity within synthetic catalytic condensates.
  • To understand how condensate aging affects enzyme function in vitro and in living cells.
  • To explore the potential of modulating condensate aging for controlling catalytic efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Design and creation of synthetic catalytic condensates.
  • Selective recruitment of enzymes into these condensates.
  • Monitoring of enzyme activity and condensate state over time.
  • In vitro and in vivo assays to assess enzyme function and condensate properties.

Main Results:

  • Catalytic condensates initially accelerate enzymatic reactions.
  • Condensate aging leads to a transition from liquid-like to solid-like states.
  • Protein aggregation and loss of selective barriers during aging impair enzyme function.
  • Small molecules can modulate condensate aging dynamics and catalytic efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Condensate aging is a critical regulator of enzymatic activity.
  • The transition to solid-like states during aging reduces enzyme efficiency.
  • Findings provide insights for designing functional synthetic condensates with controlled aging properties.