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3D-Printed Multi-Stimulus-Responsive Hydrogels: Fabrication and Characterization.

Jinzhe Wu1, Zhiyuan Ma1, Qianqian Tang2,3

  • 1School of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China.

Micromachines
|July 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed novel 3D-printed, multi-stimuli-responsive hydrogels using Gelatin/Sodium Alginate and Tannic Acid/EDTA-FeNa. These advanced materials exhibit excellent mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and electrical responsiveness for wearable sensors.

Keywords:
direct ink writingstimulus-responsive hydrogelswearable flexible sensors

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Stimulus-responsive hydrogels are crucial for biomedical, sensing, and actuation applications.
  • Conventional 2D fabrication methods limit complex 3D hydrogel architectures.
  • Single-stimulus response and slow fabrication hinder practical biomedical use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel multi-stimuli-responsive hydrogels for direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing.
  • To characterize and optimize the properties of these 3D-printed hydrogels.
  • To explore their potential in applications like wearable flexible strain sensors.

Main Methods:

  • Developed two novel multi-stimuli-responsive hydrogel formulations (Gelatin/Sodium Alginate and Tannic Acid/EDTA-FeNa complexes).
  • Utilized direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing for fabrication.
  • Systematically characterized mechanical strength, water content, biocompatibility, shape memory, and electrical properties.

Main Results:

  • Achieved sufficient mechanical strength (e.g., tensile modulus ≥ 0.35881 MPa for Gel/SA-TA@Fe³⁺).
  • Demonstrated high water content (e.g., ≥ 70.21% for Gel/SA-TA) and excellent biocompatibility (cell viability ≥ 90%).
  • Observed significant impedance changes in Gel/SA-TA@Fe³⁺ hydrogel under mechanical strain and NIR irradiation, indicating electrical responsiveness.

Conclusions:

  • Successfully fabricated 3D-printed multi-stimuli-responsive hydrogels with tunable properties.
  • The developed hydrogels show promise for advanced applications, particularly in wearable flexible strain sensing.
  • This work overcomes limitations of traditional hydrogel fabrication and single-stimulus response.