Sex-Related Differences in Chronic Pain: A Narrative Review by a Multidisciplinary Task Force.

Area of Science:

• Pain research
• Sex and gender differences in health
• Precision medicine

Background:

• Chronic pain (CP) affects over 20% of individuals in Western countries, representing a significant cause of disability.
• Women experience higher CP prevalence, sensitivity, and duration, with profound impacts on quality of life and employment.
• Insufficient research on sex and gender differences in CP leads to inequitable and suboptimal care, particularly with an aging population.

Purpose of the Study:

• To conduct a narrative review of biological, psychological, and social determinants of sex-related differences in CP perception and treatment.
• To develop evidence-informed recommendations for personalized and equitable chronic pain management.
• To highlight the need for precision medicine approaches in addressing sex and gender disparities in pain.

Main Methods:

• Narrative review of existing literature on sex and gender differences in chronic pain.
• Critical appraisal of studies by multiple authors.
• Iterative group discussions to refine analyses and formulate recommendations.

Main Results:

• Sex differences in CP are influenced by hormonal, genetic, psycho-social (e.g., depression, anxiety), and socio-economic factors.
• These factors also impact the effectiveness of current analgesic treatments.
• Tailoring treatment strategies to sex differences and adopting a biopsychosocial model significantly improves patient outcomes.

Conclusions:

• Individualized, interdisciplinary approaches are essential for effective chronic pain management.
• Addressing biological and psycho-social contributors to pain in both sexes is critical.
• Implementing precision pain medicine strategies fosters more equitable and effective care for all patients.