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Related Concept Videos

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Reconstruct Human Retinoblastoma In Vitro
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Update on Retinoblastoma Therapies.

Cristina A Martínez Arce1, Victor M Villegas2,3, Maura Di Nicola3

  • 1School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón 00960, Puerto Rico.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
|July 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retinoblastoma treatment has advanced from surgery to chemotherapy, prioritizing eye and vision preservation. New methods like intraarterial chemotherapy and intravitreal injections improve outcomes for advanced cases.

Keywords:
chemoplaqueenucleationintra-arterial chemotherapyintracameral chemotherapyintravenous chemotherapyintravitreal injectionsliquid biopsyperiocular chemotherapyprenatal screeningradiotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Retinoblastoma management has evolved significantly.
  • Initial treatments focused on life-saving interventions like enucleation and radiotherapy.
  • Current approaches prioritize eye and vision preservation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advancements in retinoblastoma treatment.
  • To highlight the shift towards eye-preserving strategies.
  • To discuss the role of chemotherapy and innovative delivery methods.

Main Methods:

  • Chemotherapy delivery methods including intravenous (IVC), intraarterial (IAC), and intravitreal injections.
  • Analysis of eye salvage rates for different tumor groups (A-E).
  • Exploration of emerging innovations like liquid biopsy and new surgical techniques.

Main Results:

  • Nearly 100% eye salvage rates for early-stage retinoblastoma (groups A-C).
  • Intraarterial chemotherapy (IAC) shows significant success in advanced cases (groups D and E).
  • Intravitreal injections offer potential for vision preservation even in complex cases with vitreous seeding.

Conclusions:

  • Chemotherapy is the cornerstone of modern retinoblastoma treatment, enabling eye preservation.
  • Tailored treatment strategies based on tumor and patient characteristics optimize outcomes.
  • Innovations are driving personalized care, improving vision preservation and survival rates for retinoblastoma.