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From Photogrammetry to Virtual Reality: A Framework for Assessing Visual Fidelity in Structural Inspections.

Xiangxiong Kong1, Terry F Pettijohn2, Hovhannes Torikyan3

  • 1Department of Civil and Geomatics Engineering, California State University, Fresno, 2320 E. San Ramon Ave., M/S EE94, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 30, 2025
PubMed
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This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a framework to assess virtual reality (VR) models for structural inspection. It validates VR

Area of Science:

  • Civil Engineering
  • Computer Science
  • Virtual Reality

Background:

  • Civil structures face deterioration from natural impacts, necessitating frequent inspections.
  • Traditional in situ inspections are costly, risky, time-consuming, and error-prone.
  • Virtual Reality (VR) offers a potential alternative for structural inspection platforms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a comprehensive framework for assessing the visual fidelity of VR models for structural inspection.
  • To address the critical question of whether VR models accurately reflect real-world structural conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based photogrammetry, computer graphics, and web-based VR editing to create interactive VR user interfaces.
  • Development of a quantitative visual fidelity assessment methodology.
Keywords:
civil infrastructurecomputer visionphotogrammetrystructural inspectionvirtual realityvisual fidelity

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  • Evaluation through image alignment, histogram matching, and pixel-level deviation mapping between VR model renderings and UAV-captured images.

    • Main Results:

    • A novel workflow for establishing interactive VR inspection interfaces was introduced.
    • A robust methodology for quantitatively assessing VR model visual fidelity was proposed and validated.
    • Case studies on a historic stone arch bridge and a campus steel building demonstrated the framework's effectiveness.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a validated framework for assessing the visual fidelity of VR models in structural inspection.
    • This research lays a foundation for advancing VR-based structural inspection technologies.
    • The findings support the use of VR as an accurate and reliable tool for evaluating structural integrity.