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Related Concept Videos

Assessing Body Temperature - Tympanic membrane01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Tympanic membrane

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Assessing tympanic membrane temperature involves using a tympanic membrane thermometer (TMT). Here is a step-by-step guide:
Step 1: Begin by practicing good hand hygiene to prevent the transmission of microorganisms.
Step 2: Turn on the thermometer and wait until the ready sign appears on the screen to ensure accurate measurement.
Step 3: Slide the probe cover in place to prevent cross-contamination.
Step 4: Instruct the patient to tilt their head to the side for comfort and check for cerumen...
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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

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Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

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Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's...
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Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

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Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
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Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Emotional Prosodies on Voice Recognition and Perception
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Utilizing Tympanic Membrane Temperature for Earphone-Based Emotion Recognition.

Kaita Furukawa1, Xinyu Shui1,2, Ming Li1,2

  • 1Department of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Earphones can now detect emotions using tympanic membrane temperature (TMT) differences. This novel approach shows promise for advanced emotion recognition in wearable technology.

Keywords:
affective computingearphonesphysiological asymmetrytympanic membrane temperaturewearable devices

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Wearable Technology
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Emotion recognition is key for human-computer interaction.
  • Earphones can capture brain activity and lateralization linked to emotions.
  • Tympanic membrane temperature (TMT) can indicate lateralized brain activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce tympanic membrane temperature (TMT) for earphone-based emotion recognition.
  • To investigate the utility of bilateral TMT differences for classifying emotional states.
  • To compare TMT-based emotion recognition with wrist skin temperature.

Main Methods:

  • Developed custom earphones to measure bilateral TMT.
  • Induced emotions through autobiographical recall and scenario imagination in two experiments.
  • Trained classifiers using right-left TMT difference features for discrete and valence emotion classification.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 36.2% and 42.5% accuracy for four-class emotion classification.
  • Achieved 72.5% and 68.8% accuracy for binary (positive/negative) emotion classification.
  • TMT-based models showed accuracy improvements not seen with wrist skin temperature.

Conclusions:

  • Lateralization in TMT offers unique, valuable information for emotion recognition.
  • TMT measured via earphones has significant potential for real-world emotion-aware applications.
  • This method advances the field of emotion recognition using accessible wearable technology.