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Related Concept Videos

Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

135
Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
135
Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

262
Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
262
Reclosers and Fuses01:26

Reclosers and Fuses

163
Automatic circuit reclosers enhance the protection of distribution circuits by interrupting and auto-reclosing an AC circuit according to a preset sequence. They effectively manage temporary faults on overhead distribution lines, often caused by tree limbs or wildlife, by briefly disrupting service to improve overall reliability. However, contact with reclosers or energized broken conductors on the ground can pose serious hazards.
A comprehensive protection scheme for radial distribution...
163
Directional Relays01:25

Directional Relays

197
Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
197
Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

135
Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
135
Overcurrent Relays01:26

Overcurrent Relays

166
Overcurrent relays, crucial for circuit protection, are connected to the secondary current of a current transformer. There are two primary types of overcurrent relays: instantaneous and time-delay.
Instantaneous overcurrent relays activate immediately when the input current exceeds a predetermined value, known as the pickup current, instantly energizing the circuit breaker trip coil. This rapid response is vital for addressing severe faults quickly.
Time-delay overcurrent relays, on the other...
166

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Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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A Fuzzy-Based Relay Security Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks.

Nan-I Wu1, Tung-Huang Feng2, Min-Shiang Hwang2,3

  • 1Department of Information Management, Lunghwa University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33306, Taiwan.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 30, 2025
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Summary

This study introduces a novel safety selection mechanism for wireless sensor networks. The algorithm reduces packet retransmission, enhancing network safety and lifespan by isolating malicious nodes.

Keywords:
fuzzy relationship rulerelay selection algorithmtabu algorithmwireless sensor network

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Network Engineering
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) generate big data crucial for analysis.
  • Relay selection algorithms optimize resource usage and network longevity.
  • Existing fuzzy inference systems struggle with equal output values, leading to inefficiencies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new relay selection mechanism for WSNs.
  • To address the inefficiency of current methods when fuzzy systems yield identical outputs.
  • To enhance network safety and extend operational lifespan.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a contraindicated safety selection mechanism algorithm.
  • Integration of this mechanism into fuzzy inference systems for relay selection.
  • Focus on reducing packet retransmission probability.

Main Results:

  • The proposed algorithm effectively minimizes packet retransmissions.
  • It successfully isolates destructive or malicious nodes within the network.
  • Demonstrated improvement in overall network safety and lifespan.

Conclusions:

  • The contraindicated safety selection mechanism offers a robust solution for WSN relay selection.
  • This approach significantly enhances network security and extends its operational life.
  • It provides a more efficient alternative to random or sorting methods for identical fuzzy outputs.