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Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo
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The Complex Gene-Carbohydrate Interaction in Type 2 Diabetes: Between Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives.

Francesca Gorini1, Alessandro Tonacci1

  • 1Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy.

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|July 30, 2025
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Summary

Understanding carbohydrate-gene interactions is key to preventing type 2 diabetes (T2D). Identifying genetic variations can personalize T2D risk assessment and prevention strategies.

Keywords:
carbohydratesdietepigeneticsfibernutrigeneticsnutrigenomicstype 2 diabeteswhole grains

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Genetics
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global health issue, particularly affecting older adults.
  • Diet, especially carbohydrate intake, and genetic factors are known contributors to T2D.
  • Emerging research highlights the role of nutrient-gene interactions in T2D development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current data on the relationship between carbohydrate-gene interactions and T2D incidence.
  • To identify specific genes influencing the association between carbohydrate consumption and T2D risk.
  • To explore the potential of personalized medicine and tailored nutrition for T2D prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of existing scientific literature.
  • Analysis of studies investigating carbohydrate intake, genetic polymorphisms, and T2D.
  • Synthesis of evidence on gene-diet interactions in metabolic disease.

Main Results:

  • Carbohydrate type and amount are linked to chronic disease risk and mortality.
  • Specific genes modulate the impact of carbohydrate intake on T2D risk.
  • Genetic variations influence individual responses to dietary carbohydrates.

Conclusions:

  • Identifying genetic predispositions to carbohydrate metabolism is crucial for personalized T2D prevention.
  • Understanding carbohydrate-gene interactions can lead to tailored dietary recommendations.
  • Future food research may focus on novel foods to mitigate T2D risk in susceptible individuals.