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Drug Delivery: Overview

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
However, most drugs use the transcellular route, traversing directly through the cell membranes via two mechanisms: passive and active transport. Passive...

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...

Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport

Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport

Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
Phospholipids arrange themselves into a bilayer, with hydrophilic heads oriented outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Manufacture and Drug Delivery Applications of Silk Nanoparticles

Manufacture and Drug Delivery Applications of Silk Nanoparticles

Published on: October 8, 2016

Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems.

Andrey N Kuskov¹, Ekaterina V Kukovyakina¹, Ekaterina N Krasnoselskaya¹

¹Department of Technology of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Substances, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia.

|July 30, 2025

Summary

New drug therapies are needed for cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases, as traditional treatments have limited effectiveness and significant side effects. This study explores novel therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes.

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Last Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Manufacture and Drug Delivery Applications of Silk Nanoparticles

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Published on: October 8, 2016

Cell Squeezing as a Robust, Microfluidic Intracellular Delivery Platform

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Targeted Plasma Membrane Delivery of a Hydrophobic Cargo Encapsulated in a Liquid Crystal Nanoparticle Carrier

Targeted Plasma Membrane Delivery of a Hydrophobic Cargo Encapsulated in a Liquid Crystal Nanoparticle Carrier

Published on: February 8, 2017

Area of Science:

Oncology
Immunology
Pharmacology

Background:

Traditional drug preparations for oncological and chronic inflammatory diseases exhibit limited efficacy.
Significant side effects are associated with current therapeutic approaches.
There is a critical need for innovative drug therapies in modern medicine.

Discussion:

Exploring novel therapeutic strategies to overcome limitations of current treatments.
Investigating new drug delivery systems for enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity.
Analyzing the potential of targeted therapies for specific disease mechanisms.

Key Insights:

Novel therapeutic approaches show promise in addressing unmet needs in oncology and inflammatory diseases.
Targeted drug delivery systems can potentially improve treatment outcomes.
Further research is essential to validate these new strategies.

Outlook:

Development of next-generation therapeutics for improved patient care.
Potential for personalized medicine approaches in treating complex diseases.
Advancing the field of drug discovery for challenging conditions.