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Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Rutin Using Aqueous Polyethylene Oxide Gel Inks.

Oleh Koshovyi1,2, Jyrki Heinämäki1, Alina Shpychak2

  • 1Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50144 Tartu, Estonia.

Pharmaceutics
|July 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study developed 3D-printable rutin-loaded polyethylene oxide (PEO) gel inks for personalized flavonoid drug delivery. The optimized formulation enables the creation of novel oral dosage forms via semisolid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing.

Keywords:
3D printingflavonoidpolyethylene oxideprinting gel inkrutinsemisolid extrusion

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Technology
  • Materials Science
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Flavonoids are abundant plant-derived compounds with therapeutic potential.
  • Current flavonoid formulations are typically standardized, not personalized.
  • 3D printing offers a novel approach for personalized pharmaceutical development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop aqueous polyethylene oxide (PEO) gel inks containing rutin for semisolid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing.
  • To investigate the feasibility of 3D printing personalized flavonoid dosage forms.
  • To establish optimal parameters for rutin-loaded PEO gel ink formulation and printing.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of aqueous PEO gels with varying concentrations of rutin and Tween 80.
  • Characterization of gel viscosity, homogeneity, and printability using SSE 3D printing.
  • Analysis of 3D-printed dosage form weight, effective surface area, rutin content, and content uniformity via UV spectrophotometry and HPLC.

Main Results:

  • A compatible formulation of rutin (100 mg/mL) and Tween 80 (50 mg/mL) in a 12% aqueous PEO gel was identified as optimal.
  • Key SSE 3D-printing parameters were successfully established and verified.
  • 3D-printed rutin-PEO preparations demonstrated acceptable content and uniformity.

Conclusions:

  • Aqueous PEO gel inks are suitable for SSE 3D printing of rutin.
  • This approach facilitates the development of personalized oral flavonoid dosage forms.
  • The study highlights the potential of 3D printing for advanced pharmaceutical manufacturing.