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Avian Metapneumovirus in Thailand: Molecular Detection, Genetic Diversity, and Its Potential Threat to Poultry

Sudarat Wanarat1, Manakorn Sukmak2, Nantana Soda3

  • 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.

Viruses
|July 30, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV/B) in Thai poultry shows significant genetic diversity and ongoing evolution. Two distinct lineages were identified, suggesting localized spread and diversification since 2006, impacting vaccine strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Poultry Health
  • Molecular Epidemiology

Background:

  • Avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV/B) causes significant economic losses in poultry due to respiratory and reproductive issues.
  • Understanding the genetic makeup and spread of aMPV/B is crucial for effective disease control in commercial poultry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence, genetic diversity, and evolutionary history of aMPV/B in Thailand.
  • To identify distinct lineages and their origins within the Thai poultry population.
  • To inform future vaccination strategies based on molecular findings.

Main Methods:

  • Collection of 167 clinical samples from Thai commercial poultry farms.
  • Nested RT-PCR targeting the aMPV/B G gene for detection.
  • Phylogenetic and Median-joining network analyses for genetic diversity assessment.
  • Bayesian framework for divergence time estimation.

Main Results:

  • A prevalence rate of 34.13% (57/167) for aMPV/B was detected.
  • Two distinct Thai aMPV/B lineages were identified, one related to vaccine strains and another novel lineage.
  • The most recent common ancestor was estimated around 2006, with diversification around 2009 and 2016.
  • Lineage-specific amino acid substitutions in the G gene were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Circulating Thai aMPV/B strains likely originated from limited introductions followed by local evolution.
  • Significant molecular heterogeneity and ongoing diversification of aMPV/B in Thailand were highlighted.
  • Sustained genomic surveillance and region-specific vaccination are recommended.
Keywords:
avian metapneumovirusdivergence time analysisgenetic diversitymolecular detectionphylogenetic analysispoultrysubtype-B

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