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Related Concept Videos

Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Hybridoma Technology01:31

Hybridoma Technology

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Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
Hybridoma Selection
Commonly used fusion techniques — electroporation,...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Vaccinations01:51

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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Subsequent T...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Enzymatic Basis for the Oxidative Branch of Aromatic Amino Acid Fermentation Leading to p-cresol Formation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes
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Recent Advances in Bioconjugate Vaccine Development.

Brendan W Wren1, Catherine L Hall1, Vanessa S Terra1

  • 1Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK.

Vaccines
|July 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Protein glycan coupling technology (PGCT) offers a cost-effective, flexible alternative to traditional glycoconjugate vaccine production. This bioconjugation method, utilizing engineered bacteria, promises custom vaccines for unmet medical needs.

Keywords:
bacterial vaccinesbioconjugationcarrier proteinsglycoconjugate vaccinespolysaccharidesprotein glycan coupling technology (PGCT)

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Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Biotechnology
  • Microbial Engineering

Background:

  • Glycoconjugate vaccines, linking protein and glycan antigens, have reduced bacterial meningitis and pneumonia.
  • Traditional chemical conjugation methods are complex, costly, and limited in design flexibility.
  • Existing glycoconjugate vaccines are primarily for a few bacterial pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the broad applicability of protein glycan coupling technology (PGCT) or bioconjugation.
  • To highlight recent advancements in PGCT components: glycan expression, protein selection, and in vivo coupling.
  • To showcase the potential of bioconjugation for developing novel, affordable glycoconjugate vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing purpose-engineered bacterial cells, specifically *E. coli*, for bioconjugate production.
  • Developing methods for efficient glycan expression within host cells.
  • Optimizing protein selection and the in vivo coupling of glycans to proteins.

Main Results:

  • Bioconjugation presents a viable alternative to chemical conjugation for producing glycoconjugates.
  • Significant advancements have been made in glycan expression, protein selection, and coupling strategies.
  • Several bioconjugate vaccines are progressing through clinical trials, validating the technology's potential.

Conclusions:

  • PGCT offers a promising platform for low-cost, custom glycoconjugate vaccine development.
  • Advances in bioconjugation components enhance the feasibility of creating diverse vaccine candidates.
  • This technology holds the potential to address multiple unmet medical needs through novel vaccine solutions.