Multifunctional cellulose based hemostatic materials: From hemostasis to multi-field applications

Excessive blood loss is the leading cause of death during emergencies, accidents and medical procedures. It is a challenge to effectively and timely control bleeding in severe trauma cases. Developing hemostatic materials with superior properties is very important, although there are various types of hemostatic agents on the market. Cellulose, characterized by its excellent biocompatibility, non-toxicity, strong hemostatic efficacy, ease of functionalization, and abundant availability, has increasingly been employed across various hemostatic applications. It can also be combined with other materials to make multi-functional products, showing great potential in clinical hemostasis. Based on an extensive review of the literature, this paper discusses the hemostatic mechanism of cellulose based hemostatic materials, their multifunctional hemostatic applications, and their effectiveness in the treatment of various diseases.