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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Imaging
    • Physics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Conventional X-ray tubes differ from cold-cathode flat-panel X-ray sources (FPXS), which integrate numerous point sources.
    • The spatial distribution of X-ray emission from FPXS is currently unknown and difficult to measure directly.
    • This lack of knowledge impedes the practical application and optimization of FPXS technology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a method for accurately determining the X-ray source distribution of FPXS.
    • To enable compensation for non-uniformity in FPXS for improved performance.
    • To facilitate novel applications of FPXS technology.

    Main Methods:

    • Decomposition of X-ray distribution from aliased projections of a coded mask.
    • Utilizing circular convolution to encode FPXS flux within the projection data.
    • Reconstruction of the source distribution using the maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization (ML-EM) algorithm.
    • Validation through Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and real-world experiments.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully reconstructed X-ray emission shapes of FPXS using lead plates on anode substrates.
    • Demonstrated the effectiveness of the coded mask projection and ML-EM algorithm in experiments.
    • Confirmed that the proposed method can accurately map the unknown X-ray source distribution.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed method effectively reconstructs the X-ray source distribution of FPXS.
    • Understanding and compensating for FPXS non-uniformity is essential for future applications.
    • This technique is vital for advancing the practical use of flat-panel X-ray sources.