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Fragmenting Bulk Hydrogels and Processing into Granular Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
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Practical Guide to the Design of Granular Hydrogels for Customizing Complex Cellular Microenvironments.

Shuhan Feng1, Kaiyang Chen1, Shiqi Wang1,2

  • 1Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
|July 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Granular hydrogels, assembled from microgels, offer versatile platforms for biomimetic cell culture. Understanding intra- and inter-microgel factors is key to tailoring their properties for tissue engineering applications.

Keywords:
assemblyextracellular microenvironmentgranular hydrogelsmicrogel

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Hydrogel Engineering

Background:

  • Granular hydrogels are emerging microporous scaffolds assembled from microgels.
  • They mimic complex natural tissue environments due to their flexibility and diversity.
  • These scaffolds are promising for advanced cell culture and delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the design principles of granular hydrogels.
  • To highlight critical factors influencing their physicochemical properties for biomimetic applications.
  • To discuss their impact on cellular behavior and future development.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive analysis of intra-microgel (intrinsic) and inter-microgel (interaction) factors.
  • Detailed discussion of granular hydrogel properties: porosity, mechanics, degradability, heterogeneity, drug loading, and cell incorporation.
  • Review of current challenges and opportunities in granular hydrogel design.

Main Results:

  • Intra- and inter-microgel factors critically determine granular hydrogel properties.
  • These properties significantly influence cellular behavior and biomimicry.
  • Tailoring these factors allows for precise control over the cellular microenvironment.

Conclusions:

  • Granular hydrogels offer tunable platforms for creating biomimetic cellular microenvironments.
  • Understanding and controlling microgel assembly is crucial for advanced tissue engineering.
  • Further research into design strategies will unlock new therapeutic and regenerative medicine applications.