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Abnormal Proliferation

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...

The Ras Gene

The Ras Gene

The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a...

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

Positive Regulator Molecules

Positive Regulator Molecules

Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.

Negative Regulator Molecules

Negative Regulator Molecules

Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues

A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues

Published on: December 5, 2016

RNA m⁶A modification: a key regulator in normal and malignant processes.

Lianjun Zhang¹, Yidan Lou^2,3,4, Weini Li⁵

¹Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.

Cell Investigation

|July 30, 2025

Summary

Gene expression relies on RNA modifications like N6-methyladenosine (m6A). This review covers m6A mechanisms, mapping technologies, and the roles of m6A proteins in health and disease.

Keywords:

Cancer CarRNA Eraser Histone modification Inhibitor M6A Mapping technology RNA modification Reader Writer

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Last Updated: Sep 13, 2025

A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues

A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues

Published on: December 5, 2016

Intracellular Phosphoflow Cytometry of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patient-Derived Xenotransplants

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Characterizing RNA Modifications in Single Neurons Using Mass Spectrometry

Characterizing RNA Modifications in Single Neurons Using Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 21, 2022

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Epigenetics
RNA Biology

Background:

Gene expression control is vital for biological and pathological processes.
Epigenetic modifications, especially on RNA, fine-tune gene expression.
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant mRNA modification, impacting gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize recent findings on m6A-associated molecular mechanisms.
To review emerging technologies for mapping m6A modifications.
To discuss the roles of m6A proteins in normal and malignant contexts and their therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

Literature review of m6A research.
Analysis of m6A writer, eraser, and reader protein functions.
Discussion of m6A mapping technologies and clinical implications.

Main Results:

m6A modification influences mRNA fate, including stability and translation.
m6A proteins (writers, erasers, readers) dynamically regulate m6A levels.
m6A and its associated proteins play roles in both normal physiology and cancer.

Conclusions:

m6A is a key regulator of gene expression with significant roles in disease.
Understanding m6A mechanisms and mapping technologies is crucial for therapeutic development.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate m6A's clinical potential and address ongoing debates.