Dietary patterns, nutrient adequacy and influencing factors among inmates in Osun State, Nigeria

The incarcerated population faces restrictions not only on their freedom but also on their dietary choices. In many low- and middle-income countries, including Nigeria, prisoners are at a higher risk of nutritional deficiencies, impacting their overall health.

This study therefore investigates the dietary pattern, nutrient adequacy and influencing factors among inmates in Ilesha and Ife correctional centres of Osun State, Nigeria, to reveal the nutrient intake of prisoners and the adequacy of the meals provided in these correctional facilities.

A total of 290 participants were selected through a multi-stage sampling method. The study examines sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle characteristics, dietary intake, nutrient adequacy and influencing factors among inmates using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall (multipass). Nutrient composition was analysed using an adapted Elizabeth Stewart Hands and Associates food processor software V.11.1. A multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors affecting micronutrient intake.

Diet lacked fruits and vegetables, with severe total fibre (99.7%, 95% CI 98.1% to 99.9%) and protein (43.4%) inadequacies, and excessive fat (53.4%). Micronutrient deficiencies included vitamin C (100%, 95% CI 98.7% to 100%), iodine (100%), vitamin D (99.0%) and calcium (96.9%; mean: 341.20 mg/day, SD: 269.66), with no females meeting the calcium estimated average requirement. Vitamin B12 was inadequate for 99.2% of males but 14.3% of females. Vitamin A was excessive (64.1%). Regression showed higher micronutrient intake for males (β=0.15, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.25) and tertiary-educated inmates (β=0.30, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.40), but lower with prison food reliance (β=-0.25) and longer incarceration (β=-0.18).

The critical nutritional deficiencies in Nigerian prisons call attention to the need for diversified and nutritionally adequate meals to ensure the well-being and health of incarcerated individuals. Addressing these nutritional gaps requires urgent policy changes and interventions to address these systemic dietary failures.