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Related Concept Videos

The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
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Endoplasmic Reticulum01:39

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.
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Overview of Algae01:28

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The kingdom Archaeplastida encompasses red and green algae, along with land plants. Unlike other protists with chloroplasts that arose through secondary endosymbiosis, only red and green algae originated from primary endosymbiotic events. This diverse group of eukaryotic organisms contains chlorophyll and performs oxygenic photosynthesis.Algae exist in various forms, from large brown kelp in coastal waters to green scum in puddles and stains on rocks or soil. Some species are responsible for...
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Other Algae01:19

Other Algae

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The group Stramenopiles include some phototrophic microorganisms. Members of this group possess flagella covered in numerous short, hairlike extensions, a feature that inspired the group's name, derived from the Latin words for "straw" and "hair." Some of the main categories of Stramenopiles include diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae.Diatoms are unicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes, with over 200 known genera. They play a key role in the planktonic communities of both marine and...
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The Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:08

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Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They coordinate both stages of photosynthesis — the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to release oxygen and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions capture CO2 and use ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
Structure of...
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Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER01:28

Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER

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Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
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Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells
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Ultrastructure of the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Eukaryotic Microalgae.

Ursula Goodenough1, Robyn Roth2

  • 1Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
|July 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in microalgae has six key roles, including forming the nucleus and chloroplast ER. A novel finding reveals chloroplast-nuclear junctions in complex microalgae, potentially regulating organelle physiology.

Keywords:
Golgichloroplastendosymbiosislipid bodynuclear envelopequick‐freeze deep‐etch electron microscopy

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Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Microalgae
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Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Microalgae

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a vital organelle in eukaryotic cells.
  • In microalgae, the ER performs diverse functions, including nuclear envelope formation and protein/lipid synthesis.
  • The ER's role in complex plastids, particularly the chloroplast ER, is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic microalgae.
  • To illustrate the structural organization of the ER using advanced microscopy techniques.
  • To investigate the association between the ER and chloroplasts in complex microalgae.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ER structure and function in microalgae.
  • Utilization of quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy (QFDEEM) to visualize ER topology.
  • Comparative analysis of ER organization across different microalgal lineages.

Main Results:

  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in microalgae serves six distinct functions: nuclear envelope, protein synthesis scaffolds, glycosylation, hydrophobic molecule secretion, lipid body synthesis, and chloroplast ER formation.
  • Quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy (QFDEEM) revealed intricate topological configurations of the ER.
  • A significant finding is the direct association between the inner nuclear envelope membrane and the chloroplast ER membrane at chloroplast-nuclear junctions in most complex microalgae.

Conclusions:

  • The endoplasmic reticulum is a highly dynamic and structurally complex organelle in microalgae, essential for various cellular processes.
  • Chloroplast-nuclear junctions represent a novel structural feature in complex microalgae, suggesting a coordinated regulation between the nucleus and chloroplasts.
  • Further research into these junctions could elucidate mechanisms controlling organelle maintenance and physiology.