Adopting organoid technology for Co-infections: Innovative solutions for infectious diseases and cancer therapy

Co-infections, where multiple pathogens concurrently infect a single host, pose significant challenges in clinical management and understanding disease mechanisms. Traditional in vitro models, primarily based on cell lines, often fail to replicate the intricate architecture and functional dynamics of human tissues, limiting our insights into pathogen interactions. Recent advances in organoid technology offer a groundbreaking alternative for modeling co-infections. This review explores the capabilities and limitations of organoids in studying complex host-pathogen relationships, highlighting their ability to mirror the cellular heterogeneity and spatial organization of authentic human tissues. We provide an overview of the recent literature that employs organoid models to examine co-infections involving various pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, emphasizing how these models have enhanced our understanding of infection mechanisms and host responses. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of organoids as invaluable tools for the development of novel diagnostic strategies and targeted therapies, paving the way for improved management of co-infections, particularly in cancer patients. This review advocates for a heightened emphasis on co-infections, particularly among immunocompromised and cancer patients, while harnessing organoid technology to enhance our understanding and treatment of these complex health challenges.