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Empathy02:34

Empathy

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Some researchers suggest that altruism operates on empathy. Empathy is the capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what he or she feels. An empathetic person makes an emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help (Batson, 1991). Empathy can be expressed in several ways, including cognitive, affective, and motor. 
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Socio-emotional development in infancy is primarily shaped by early emotional responses and social connections, with temperament playing a central role. Temperament refers to the consistent patterns in an individual's emotional and behavioral responses, observable even in infancy. By examining temperament, researchers can better understand an infant's unique ways of interacting with the world, influencing subsequent personality and socio-emotional growth.
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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Observational Fear as a Model of Affective Empathy in Mice
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Self-oriented affective empathy is associated with increased negative affect.

Mareike J Hülsemann1, Aleksandra Kaurin2, Bianca Kollmann3,4

  • 1Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.

Scientific Reports
|July 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High affective empathy, particularly personal distress, is linked to negative emotions like depression and anxiety. Cognitive empathy may buffer these effects, suggesting a complex relationship between empathy facets and emotional well-being.

Keywords:
Affective empathyAnxietyCognitive empathyDepressionLatent profile analysisReplication

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Research indicates high levels of empathic traits may predict negative affectivity.
  • Empathy comprises affective (personal distress, empathic concern) and cognitive (perspective taking) facets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the combinatory and differential roles of empathy facets in negative affectivity.
  • Examine how different profiles of affective and cognitive empathy relate to depression and anxiety.

Main Methods:

  • Latent profile analysis of affective and cognitive empathy in two general population samples (N=259, N=938).
  • Moderation and simple slopes analyses to assess associations with depression and anxiety.

Main Results:

  • Four empathy profiles emerged: high/low affective and high/low cognitive empathy.
  • Greater affective empathy, especially personal distress, correlated positively with depression and anxiety.
  • Empathic concern was not significantly related to negative affect.

Conclusions:

  • Self-focused affective empathy (personal distress) is associated with increased negative affectivity.
  • High cognitive empathy may moderate the link between personal distress and depressive symptoms.
  • Other-focused empathic concern does not appear to contribute to negative affect.