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Kdf1 Regulates Molar Cusp Morphogenesis via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signalling Axis.

Jiayu Wang1, Miao Yu1, Hangbo Liu1

  • 1Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China.

Cell Proliferation
|July 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Keratinocyte differentiation factor 1 (Kdf1) is crucial for molar cusp development. Loss of Kdf1 in mice leads to abnormal tooth morphogenesis by overactivating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, affecting cell proliferation.

Keywords:
Kdf1PI3K/AKT signalling pathwaycell proliferationinner enamel epitheliumtooth cusp morphogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Oral biology
  • Molecular genetics

Background:

  • Keratinocyte differentiation factor 1 (Kdf1) is implicated in enamel formation.
  • Human KDF1 variants are linked to dental crown abnormalities, suggesting a role in tooth morphogenesis.
  • The precise function and mechanisms of Kdf1 in tooth morphogenesis are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Kdf1 in tooth morphogenesis, specifically molar cusp development.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying Kdf1's function in dental epithelial cells.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of mice lacking epithelial Kdf1 (K14-Cre;Kdf1fl/fl).
  • Analysis of molar cusp morphology and cell proliferation using EdU assays.
  • RNA sequencing and Western blot to assess signaling pathway activation.
  • Pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in vivo.

Main Results:

  • Mice lacking Kdf1 exhibited rounded, blunt molar cusps, mirroring human KDF1 variant phenotypes.
  • Increased proliferation of inner enamel epithelial (IEE) cells was observed in Kdf1-deficient mice.
  • Overactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was confirmed in IEE cells of Kdf1-deficient mice.
  • Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway partially rescued molar cusp defects.

Conclusions:

  • Kdf1 plays a vital regulatory role in molar cusp morphogenesis.
  • Kdf1 modulates dental epithelial cell proliferation through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
  • This study provides in vivo evidence for Kdf1's essential function in tooth development.