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Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior
Published on: June 10, 2013
Karen E Alsbrook1, Eileen Danaher Hacker1
1Department of Nursing, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA.
Opiophobia, the fear of opioids, lacks clear definition and measurement, leading to inconsistent research and interventions. This review highlights the need for standardized definitions and validated instruments to improve pain management strategies.
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