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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Gene Regulation During Sporulation01:17

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Sporulation is a complex developmental process that allows certain Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium species, to survive extreme environmental conditions. This process is tightly regulated by a series of signaling cascades and transcriptional controls, ensuring the formation of a highly resistant endospore.Sporulation is triggered by unfavorable conditions, such as nutrient depletion, and is governed by a phosphorelay system. One of the sensor kinases, such as...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Cell Types
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Two deeply conserved non-coding sequences control PLETHORA1/2 expression and coordinate embryo and root development.

Merijn Kerstens1, Yvet Boele2, Abraham Moralez-Cruz3

  • 1Cluster of Plant Developmental Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.

Plant Communications
|July 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Conserved non-coding sequences (CNSs) regulate plant development genes. Two novel CNSs, BOX1 and BOX2, control PLETHORA (PLT) gene expression in Arabidopsis, impacting embryo and root development via autoregulation.

Keywords:
PLETHORAangiospermconserved non-coding sequenceembryogenesisroot meristemtranscriptional regulation

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Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds
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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Developmental genetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Conserved non-coding sequences (CNSs) are crucial for gene regulation.
  • PLETHORA (PLT) genes are master regulators of plant development, essential for embryogenesis and meristem function.
  • Mechanisms by which CNSs modulate PLT gene expression are largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize CNSs regulating PLT gene expression.
  • To investigate the role of specific CNSs in Arabidopsis thaliana development.
  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying PLT gene expression during embryogenesis and root development.

Main Methods:

  • Motif-based mining of upstream sequences across 120 angiosperm genomes.
  • CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to create mutants in identified CNSs (BOX1 and BOX2).
  • Reporter gene assays to analyze expression patterns of PLT genes in transgenic Arabidopsis lines.

Main Results:

  • Identified 21 conserved and lineage-specific CNSs, including two unusually long and similar elements (BOX1 and BOX2) in eudicots.
  • Demonstrated that BOX1 and BOX2 directly control PLT1 and PLT2 expression in Arabidopsis.
  • Showed that mutations in BOX1/BOX2 alter PLT2 expression patterns in root tips and affect embryo development, with evidence of a BOX-mediated autoregulatory feedback loop.

Conclusions:

  • Uncovered a novel transcriptional mechanism involving BOX1 and BOX2 CNSs regulating master regulators of plant embryo and root meristem development.
  • Established the functional importance of these deeply conserved elements from embryogenesis through early development.
  • Provided insights into autoregulatory feedback loops governing plant developmental gene expression.