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Related Concept Videos

Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
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Standard operating protocol for influenza testing, treatment and prophylaxis.

Ashok Kumar Pannu1

  • 1Additional Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.

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|July 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This protocol guides influenza management, recommending oseltamivir for severe cases and baloxavir for high-risk patients with confirmed tests. It emphasizes judicious antiviral use to prevent drug resistance, especially in low-resource settings.

Keywords:
Viral infectiondiagnosispublic healthtreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Effective influenza management relies on timely diagnosis for antiviral therapy, balancing efficacy with resistance concerns.
  • Current diagnostic methods like RT-PCR face infrastructure and time constraints, while point-of-care tests are costly and inaccessible in LMICs.
  • Zoonotic (avian) influenza poses a significant public health threat requiring specific management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide practical guidance for managing seasonal and zoonotic influenza based on WHO recommendations.
  • To outline criteria for the judicious use of antiviral medications, including oseltamivir and baloxavir.
  • To address diagnostic challenges and treatment accessibility in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Main Methods:

  • Development of a standard operating protocol for influenza case management.
  • Integration of WHO guidelines for antiviral therapy selection and empirical use.
  • Consideration of diagnostic test limitations (RT-PCR, NAATs, DIAs) and their implications for treatment decisions.

Main Results:

  • Oseltamivir is recommended for severe influenza cases, with empirical use allowed only if RT-PCR results are delayed (>24h).
  • Baloxavir is suggested for high-risk, non-severe influenza patients with positive NAAT or DIA results.
  • Post-exposure prophylaxis is restricted to specific high-risk exposure scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • Prudent antiviral use, guided by diagnostic testing, is crucial for effective influenza management and resistance prevention.
  • Accessibility and affordability of advanced diagnostics and treatments remain significant challenges in LMICs.
  • The protocol offers a framework for optimizing influenza care, particularly in resource-limited settings.