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Electrically Tunable Geometric-Phase Optical Element with Hybrid Retardation and Subwavelength Pixel Size Enabled by

Xin Chang1,2,3, Mike Pivnenko1, Weijie Wu1

  • 1Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom.

ACS Applied Optical Materials
|July 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

We developed a novel electrically tunable hybrid optical element combining liquid crystals and metasurfaces. This device offers voltage-switchable diffraction efficiency and enables subwavelength pixel sizes for advanced optoelectronic applications.

Keywords:
active metasurfacefast switchinggeometric phasehybrid retardationliquid crystal alignment

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Area of Science:

  • Optoelectronics
  • Metamaterials
  • Liquid Crystal Photonics

Background:

  • Geometric phase optical elements (GPOEs) are crucial for advanced optical systems.
  • Integrating liquid crystals (LCs) with metasurfaces offers new avenues for tunable optical devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an electrically tunable hybrid geometric phase optical element (GPOE) using a liquid crystal layer and an embedded metasurface.
  • To achieve voltage-switchable diffraction efficiency at telecommunication wavelengths.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication and characterization of a hybrid GPOE integrating a metasurface with a liquid crystal layer.
  • Numerical and experimental demonstration of a geometric phase grating with voltage-tunable diffraction efficiency.
  • Utilizing metasurface-induced LC patterning for subwavelength pixel realization.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a voltage-switchable diffraction efficiency from 8% to 56% at 1550 nm.
  • Demonstrated LC patterning exclusively by a spatially varying metasurface with an 800 nm period, enabling subwavelength pixels.
  • Realized a thin LC-GPOE by combining propagation and resonance phases, operating at switching frequencies over 110 Hz.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed hybrid LC-GPOE offers dynamic light modulation through LC-mediated resonance tuning.
  • The device's thin profile and high switching frequency are advantageous for advanced optoelectronic applications.
  • This work paves the way for novel tunable optical elements and devices.