Systematicity in Variability: English Coda Laterals of English-Malay Bilinguals in Multi-Accent Singapore

Outcomes of early phonological acquisition in multi-accent contexts can be especially wide-ranging, raising the question of whether children exposed to multiple accents in one community are building the same linguistic systems. This present study investigates the English coda clear laterals in the spontaneous, mother-directed speech of English-Malay early bilingual preschoolers raised in multi-accent Singapore. Previous work has shown that these children were exposed to highly variable input involving three different English coda /l/ variants within and outside of their ethnic community. To elucidate the complex nature of language acquisition in such diverse settings, we examine both individual differences and group behaviors. Our findings reveal that despite the considerable between- and within-child variation, production patterns are generally systematic. Malay children with close Chinese peers, however, exhibited greater variability and unpredictability in their production, revealing word-specific inconsistencies that suggest a restructuring of or instability in their phonological representations. This study underscores the complexity of phonological development in multi-accent contexts and highlights the challenges in predicting the contributors of these variable outcomes.