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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome With Spinal Cord Involvement.

Zachery Rohm1, Narender Annapureddy2, Kevin Byram2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.

The Neurologist
|July 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with spinal cord involvement (PRES-SCI) is a rare condition. Early recognition in hypertensive patients with spinal cord lesions is crucial for appropriate management.

Keywords:
myelopathyposterior reversible encephalopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) involves cerebrovascular autoregulation failure, leading to fluid extravasation in the brain.
  • PRES with spinal cord involvement (PRES-SCI) is a rare manifestation of this condition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a case of PRES-SCI in a patient with lupus nephritis.
  • To highlight the diagnostic considerations and clinical presentation of PRES-SCI.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 34-year-old woman with lupus nephritis presenting with PRES symptoms.
  • Brain and spine MRI were utilized to identify characteristic lesions.
  • Exclusion of alternative myelitis causes through antibody testing.

Main Results:

  • The patient presented with altered mental status, blurred vision, seizures, and severe hypertension.
  • Brain MRI showed PRES-compatible lesions; spine MRI revealed extensive, nonenhancing spinal cord lesions.
  • Symptoms resolved with blood pressure control, and alternative myelitis causes were ruled out.

Conclusions:

  • PRES-SCI is an under-recognized variant of PRES, often associated with severe hypertension.
  • Consider PRES-SCI in patients with acute hypertension and characteristic spinal cord MRI findings.
  • Prompt diagnosis of PRES-SCI can prevent unnecessary investigations and treatments for myelitis.