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Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Frost Resistant Concrete01:29

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Concrete's susceptibility to frost damage during freeze-thaw cycles demands strategic measures to enhance its frost resistance. Employing techniques like air entrainment, adjusting the water-cement ratio, proper curing, and selecting appropriate aggregates are essential.
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Thermal Stress01:09

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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
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Superdurable, Flexible Ceramic Nanofibers for Sustainable Passive Radiative Cooling.

Dai-Chi Chen1, Ching-Wen Hwang1, Ching Yin Chang1

  • 1Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan.

ACS Nano
|July 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new superhydrophobic nanofiber membrane offers effective passive cooling, reducing temperatures by up to 16.8°C. This durable material enhances energy efficiency and safety, even in fires.

Keywords:
ceramic nanofiberselectrospinningenvironmental aging resistanceflame resistancepassive radiative cooling

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) is crucial for mitigating global warming.
  • Durable and resilient materials are needed for real-world PDRC applications.
  • Existing PDRC materials often lack long-term stability and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robust superhydrophobic nanofiber membrane for efficient passive cooling.
  • To investigate the optical properties and cooling performance of the novel material.
  • To assess the material's durability, self-cleaning properties, and potential for energy savings.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a zirconium dioxide-aluminum oxide (ZrO2-Al2O3) nanofiber membrane via electrospinning.
  • Fluorine-free surface modification to achieve superhydrophobicity.
  • Optical characterization (solar reflectivity, emissivity) and thermal performance testing under solar irradiance.

Main Results:

  • The superhydrophobic ZrO2-Al2O3 nanofiber (sh-ZANF) membrane achieved 97.7% solar reflectivity and 95.6% atmospheric transparency window emissivity.
  • Demonstrated subambient cooling of 6.6°C with a cooling power of 125 W/m².
  • Cooled building, automobile, and camera models by 14.7°C, 16.8°C, and 11.1°C, respectively.
  • Showcased high-temperature resistance (>1400°C), self-cleaning, and durability through aging tests.

Conclusions:

  • The developed sh-ZANF membrane is a highly effective and durable material for passive daytime radiative cooling.
  • It offers significant potential for energy savings in buildings and reduced CO2 emissions.
  • Its resilience and safety features make it suitable for diverse real-world applications, including fire emergencies.