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Sullivan Process near Threshold and the Pion Gravitational Form Factors.

Yoshitaka Hatta1, Jakob Schoenleber1

  • 1RIKEN BNL Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Physics Department, Upton, New York 11973, USA and , Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|July 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

We propose a new method to measure the charged pion

Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics
  • Quantum Chromodynamics
  • Nuclear Physics

Background:

  • Gravitational form factors provide insights into the internal structure of hadrons.
  • Accessing these form factors experimentally, especially for the pion, is challenging.
  • The Sullivan process offers a potential avenue for such investigations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel experimental method for accessing the gravitational form factors of the charged pion (π⁺).
  • To investigate the role of the pion's gluon gravitational form factor in specific high-energy scattering processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the Sullivan process in electron-proton scattering.
  • Analyzing J/ψ photoproduction and ϕ electroproduction cross sections near threshold.

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  • Applying next-to-leading order perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) calculations.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated that cross sections for J/ψ photoproduction and ϕ electroproduction are dominated by the pion's gluon gravitational form factor.
    • Calculations performed to next-to-leading order in perturbative QCD.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed method provides an experimental pathway to the charged pion's gravitational form factors.
    • Predictions for cross sections at future experiments like the Electron-Ion Collider and Jefferson Lab are presented.