Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Uncertainty Principle

The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

The de Broglie Wavelength

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Testing Genuine Multipartite Nonlocality via an Inflated Network with Multicopy Entangled States.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Experimentally Self-Testing Partially Entangled Two-Qubit States on an Optical Platform.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Differences in Fatty Acid Metabolism between MCDD and HFD Induced Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Fatty Liver Disease Model Mice.

Biological procedures online·2025

Same author

Witness-based nonlinear detection of quantum entanglement.

iScience·2025

Same author

Sequential Discrimination of Mixed Quantum States.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Same author

Simultaneous Verification of Genuine Multipartite Nonlocality and Full Network Nonlocality.

Physical review letters·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Experimental Characterization of Quantumness Using the Uncertainty Principle, Coherence, and Nonlocality.

Yan-Han Yang¹, Xin-Zhu Liu¹, Xing-Zhou Zheng¹

¹Southwest Jiaotong University, School of Information Science and Technology, Chengdu 610031, China.

Physical Review Letters

|July 31, 2025

Summary

This study unifies Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, quantum coherence, and Bell nonlocality. Experiments validate these quantum features, offering new methods for quantum information processing.

More Related Videos

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Area of Science:

Quantum Information Science
Quantum Foundations
Experimental Quantum Physics

Background:

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, quantum coherence, and Bell nonlocality are key quantum phenomena.
These aspects of quantumness have typically been studied in isolation.
A unified framework is needed to understand their interrelations and applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically characterize quantumness, including uncertainty, coherence, and nonlocality, in a unified manner.
To develop universal uncertainty relations applicable to incompatible measurements.
To experimentally validate the unified framework using two-photon states.

Main Methods:

Construction of universal uncertainty relations to define intrinsic features of incompatible measurements.
Extension of these relations to witness quantum coherence and Bell nonlocality.
Experimental implementation using unified two-photon states.

Main Results:

Demonstration of universal uncertainty relations encompassing state-independent uncertainties.
Successful witnessing of both quantum coherence and Bell nonlocality within the unified framework.
Experimental validation of the uncertainty principle, coherence, and Bell nonlocality within experimental error.

Conclusions:

The study provides a unified approach to characterizing fundamental quantum phenomena.
The developed methods are valuable for analyzing quantum correlations in quantum information processing.
Experimental validation confirms the efficacy of the unified framework.