Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

3.1K
A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
3.1K
Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

4.6K
Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
4.6K
Concept of Resonance and its Characteristics01:19

Concept of Resonance and its Characteristics

5.2K
If a driven oscillator needs to resonate at a specific frequency, then very light damping is required. An example of light damping includes playing piano strings and many other musical instruments. Conversely, to achieve small-amplitude oscillations as in a car's suspension system, heavy damping is required. Heavy damping reduces the amplitude, but the tradeoff is that the system responds at more frequencies. Speed bumps and gravel roads prove that even a car's suspension system is not...
5.2K
Equations of Wave Motion01:02

Equations of Wave Motion

6.0K
Mathematically, the motion of a wave can be studied using a wavefunction. Consider a string oscillating up and down in simple harmonic motion, having a period T. The wave on the string is sinusoidal and is translated in the positive x-direction as time progresses. Sine is a function of the angle θ, oscillating between +A and −A and repeating every 2π radians. To construct a wave model, the ratio of the angle θ and the position x is considered.
6.0K
Exponential Fourier series01:24

Exponential Fourier series

330
In audio signal processing, the exponential Fourier series plays a crucial role in sound synthesis, allowing complex sounds to be broken down into simpler sinusoidal components. This decomposition process is fundamental in analyzing and reconstructing musical notes and other audio signals. The exponential Fourier series expresses periodic signals as the sum of complex exponentials at both positive and negative harmonic frequencies, providing a powerful tool for signal analysis.
Euler's identity...
330
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

965
The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end....
965

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Constructibility of AdS Supergluon Amplitudes.

Physical review letters·2024
Same author

On the energetics of quadrupedal running: predicting the metabolic cost of transport via a flexible-torso model.

Bioinspiration & biomimetics·2015
Same author

Quadrupedal bounding with a segmented flexible torso: passive stability and feedback control.

Bioinspiration & biomimetics·2013
Same journal

Erratum: Spectroscopy and Ground-State Transfer of Ultracold Bosonic ^{39}K^{133}Cs Molecules [Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 203401 (2025)].

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Erratum: Lifetime of the ^{2}F_{7/2} Level in Yb^{+} for Spontaneous Emission of Electric Octupole Radiation [Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 213001 (2021)].

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Laser-Plasma Based Seeded Free Electron Laser in the High-Gain Regime.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Parent Hamiltonians for Stabilizer Quantum Many-Body Scars.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Properties of Heavy Cosmic Nuclei Phosphorus, Chlorine, Argon, Potassium, and Calcium: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Role of Spin-Isospin Symmetries in Nuclear β-Decays.

Physical review letters·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

ARL Spectral Fitting as an Application to Augment Spectral Data via Franck-Condon Lineshape Analysis and Color Analysis
07:11

ARL Spectral Fitting as an Application to Augment Spectral Data via Franck-Condon Lineshape Analysis and Color Analysis

Published on: August 19, 2021

2.6K

Form Factors from String Amplitudes.

Qu Cao1

  • 1Zhejiang University, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics, School of Physics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; and Joint Center for Quanta-to-Cosmos Physics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.

Physical Review Letters
|July 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a stringy model for calculating form factors in scalar and gluon theories. The model reveals hidden properties and new relations in field-theory form factors by analyzing string scattering amplitudes.

More Related Videos

Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle
15:06

Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Published on: January 3, 2016

13.0K
Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
08:39

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Published on: January 28, 2019

9.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 13, 2025

ARL Spectral Fitting as an Application to Augment Spectral Data via Franck-Condon Lineshape Analysis and Color Analysis
07:11

ARL Spectral Fitting as an Application to Augment Spectral Data via Franck-Condon Lineshape Analysis and Color Analysis

Published on: August 19, 2021

2.6K
Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle
15:06

Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Published on: January 3, 2016

13.0K
Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
08:39

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Published on: January 28, 2019

9.9K

Area of Science:

  • High-energy physics
  • String theory
  • Quantum field theory

Background:

  • Form factors are crucial for understanding particle interactions in quantum field theory.
  • Investigating off-shell operators and their role in scattering amplitudes is an ongoing challenge.
  • Bosonic string theory provides a framework to explore quantum gravity and related phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel stringy model for n-point tree-level form factors.
  • To incorporate off-shell operators within the bosonic string disk amplitude framework.
  • To analyze scattering of open and closed string states.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a stringy model based on the bosonic string disk amplitude.
  • Calculation of tree-level form factors involving n open string states and one closed string state.
  • Analysis in the field-theory limit (α'→0) to connect with established field-theory results.

Main Results:

  • The proposed "stringy form factor" successfully reduces to the standard field-theory form factor in the appropriate limit.
  • The model facilitates the investigation of previously hidden properties of field-theory form factors.
  • Demonstration of factorization and soft behaviors within the stringy framework.

Conclusions:

  • The stringy model offers a powerful new tool for studying form factors in scalar and gluon theories.
  • This approach uncovers nontrivial relations between string theory amplitudes and field-theory form factors.
  • The findings provide deeper insights into the structure and behavior of quantum field theory interactions.