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Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Author Spotlight: Tissue Culture-Free Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation in Large Woody Plants
Published on: November 17, 2023
Unlocking in vitro transformation of recalcitrant plants
Guangbin Luo1, Mai Duy Luu Trinh1, Margrethe Kristine Dam Falkenberg1
1Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Genome editing offers powerful opportunities for crop improvement by enabling precise and targeted mutagenesis. Tools such as CRISPR-associated protein 9 and single-guide RNAs can be introduced into plant cells via in vitro transformation, which, despite the rise of in planta methods, remains an important method because it is highly effective when successful. However, transformation-induced stress is a critical and underexplored barrier to successful in vitro transformation, especially in recalcitrant plants. In this opinion article, we discuss in vitro methods for transforming recalcitrant plants, the challenges encountered, and potential solutions through the conceptual lens of stress biology. Reducing cellular stress, transiently weakening the immune response and optimizing regeneration protocols may be essential for expanding the transformation capacity across a broader range of plant species.
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