Numerical simulation and optimization of FTO/TiO₂/CZTS/CuO/Au solar cell using SCAPS-1D

Kesterite materials, especially copper zinc tin sulphide (CZTS), have emerged as very promising solar cell materials because of their sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally friendly composition. CZTS, composed of abundant and nontoxic elements, stands as a leading candidate among materials for efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective photovoltaic technologies. The " FTO/TiO₂/CZTS/CuO/Au " solar cell has been simulated using SCAPS-1D, where FTO is the front contact, TiO₂ is the electron transport layer, CZTS is the absorber layer, CuO is the hole transport layer and Au is the back contact, this device presenting an investigation of the structure, material properties, and carrier dynamics of such a device under standard AM 1.5 G illumination at 300 K. By defining characteristics of the layers, such as thickness, band gap, doping concentrations, and mobility, the software gives insight into photovoltaic performance with main results concerning J-V curves, quantum efficiency, and energy band diagrams. The maximum simulated efficiency achieved is 33.56% by optimising different parameters such as thickness, carrier concentration, and band gap.